簡介

本文通過從Postman獲取基本的接口測試Code簡單的接口測試入手，一步步調(diào)整優(yōu)化接口調(diào)用，以及增加基本的結(jié)果判斷，講解Python自帶的Unittest框架調(diào)用，期望各位可以通過本文對接口自動化測試有一個大致的了解。

引言

為什么要做接口自動化測試?

在當(dāng)前互聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)品迭代頻繁的背景下，回歸測試的時間越來越少，很難在每個迭代都對所有功能做完整回歸。但接口自動化測試因其實現(xiàn)簡單、維護(hù)成本低，容易提高覆蓋率等特點，越來越受重視。

為什么要自己寫框架呢?

使用Postman調(diào)試通過過直接可以獲取接口測試的基本代碼，結(jié)合使用requets + unittest很容易實現(xiàn)接口自動化測試的封裝，而且requests的api已經(jīng)非常人性化，非常簡單，但通過封裝以后（特別是針對公司內(nèi)特定接口），可以進(jìn)一步提高腳本編寫效率。

一個現(xiàn)有的簡單接口例子

下面使用requests + unittest測試一個查詢接口

接口信息如下

請求信息:

Method：POST

URL：api/match/image/getjson

Request：

{
"category": "image",
"offset": "0",
"limit": "30",
"sourceId": "0",
"metaTitle": "",
"metaId": "0",
"classify": "unclassify",
"startTime": "",
"endTime": "",
"createStart": "",
"createEnd": "",
"sourceType": "",
"isTracking": "true",
"metaGroup": "",
"companyId": "0",
"lastDays": "1",
"author": ""
}

Response示例：

{
"timestamp" : xxx,
"errorMsg" : "",
"data" : {
"config" : xxx
}

Postman測試方法見

測試思路

1.獲取Postman原始腳本

2.使用requests庫模擬發(fā)送HTTP請求**

3.對原始腳本進(jìn)行基礎(chǔ)改造**

4.使用python標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫里unittest寫測試case**

原始腳本實現(xiàn)

未優(yōu)化

該代碼只是簡單的一次調(diào)用，而且返回的結(jié)果太多，很多返回信息暫時沒用，示例代碼如下

import requests

url = "http://cpright.xinhua-news.cn/api/match/image/getjson"

querystring = {"category":"image","offset":"0","limit":"30","sourceId":"0","metaTitle":"","metaId":"0","classify":"unclassify","startTime":"","endTime":"","createStart":"","createEnd":"","sourceType":"","isTracking":"true","metaGroup":"","companyId":"0","lastDays":"1","author":""}

headers = {
    'cache-control': "no-cache",
    'postman-token': "e97a99b0-424b-b2a5-7602-22cd50223c15"
    }

response = requests.request("POST", url, headers=headers, params=querystring)

print(response.text)

優(yōu)化 第一版

調(diào)整代碼結(jié)構(gòu)，輸出結(jié)果Json出來，獲取需要驗證的response.status_code，以及獲取結(jié)果校驗需要用到的results['total']

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding: utf-8
'''
unittest merchant backgroud interface
@author: zhang_jin
@version: 1.0
@see:http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/
'''

import unittest
import json
import traceback
import requests


url = "http://cpright.xinhua-news.cn/api/match/image/getjson"

querystring = {
    "category": "image",
    "offset": "0",
    "limit": "30",
    "sourceId": "0",
    "metaTitle": "",
    "metaId": "0",
    "classify": "unclassify",
    "startTime": "",
    "endTime": "",
    "createStart": "",
    "createEnd": "",
    "sourceType": "",
    "isTracking": "true",
    "metaGroup": "",
    "companyId": "0",
    "lastDays": "1",
    "author": ""
}

headers = {
    'cache-control': "no-cache",
    'postman-token': "e97a99b0-424b-b2a5-7602-22cd50223c15"
    }

#Post接口調(diào)用
response = requests.request("POST", url, headers=headers, params=querystring)

#對返回結(jié)果進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)義成json串
results = json.loads(response.text)

#獲取http請求的status_code
print "Http code:",response.status_code

#獲取結(jié)果中的total的值
print results['total']
#print(response.text)

優(yōu)化 第二版

接口調(diào)用異常處理，增加try，except處理，對于返回response.status_code，返回200進(jìn)行結(jié)果比對，不是200數(shù)據(jù)異常信息。

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding: utf-8
'''
unittest merchant backgroud interface
@author: zhang_jin
@version: 1.0
@see:http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/
'''

import json
import traceback
import requests


url = "http://cpright.xinhua-news.cn/api/match/image/getjson"

querystring = {
    "category": "image",
    "offset": "0",
    "limit": "30",
    "sourceId": "0",
    "metaTitle": "",
    "metaId": "0",
    "classify": "unclassify",
    "startTime": "",
    "endTime": "",
    "createStart": "",
    "createEnd": "",
    "sourceType": "",
    "isTracking": "true",
    "metaGroup": "",
    "companyId": "0",
    "lastDays": "1",
    "author": ""
}

headers = {
    'cache-control': "no-cache",
    'postman-token': "e97a99b0-424b-b2a5-7602-22cd50223c15"
    }


try:
    #Post接口調(diào)用
    response = requests.request("POST", url, headers=headers, params=querystring)

    #對http返回值進(jìn)行判斷，對于200做基本校驗
    if response.status_code == 200:
        results = json.loads(response.text)
        if results['total'] == 191:
            print "Success"
        else:
            print "Fail"
            print results['total']
    else:
        #對于http返回非200的code，輸出相應(yīng)的code
        raise Exception("http error info:%s" %response.status_code)
except:
    traceback.print_exc()

優(yōu)化 第三版

1.該版本改動較大，引入config文件，單獨封裝結(jié)果校驗?zāi)K，引入unittest模塊，實現(xiàn)接口自動調(diào)用，并增加log處理模塊；
2.對不同Post請求結(jié)果進(jìn)行封裝，不同接口分開調(diào)用；
3.測試用例的結(jié)果進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計并最終輸出

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding: utf-8
'''
unittest interface
@author: zhang_jin
@version: 1.0
@see:http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/
'''

import unittest
import json
import traceback
import requests
import time
import result_statistics
import config as cf
from com_logger import  match_Logger


class MyTestSuite(unittest.TestCase):
    """docstring for MyTestSuite"""
    #@classmethod
    def sedUp(self):
        print "start..."
    #圖片匹配統(tǒng)計
    def test_image_match_001(self):
        url = cf.URL1

        querystring = {
            "category": "image",
            "offset": "0",
            "limit": "30",
          "sourceId": "0",
          "metaTitle": "",
          "metaId": "0",
          "classify": "unclassify",
          "startTime": "",
          "endTime": "",
          "createStart": "",
          "createEnd": "",
          "sourceType": "",
          "isTracking": "true",
          "metaGroup": "",
          "companyId": "0",
          "lastDays": "1",
          "author": ""
        }
        headers = {
            'cache-control': "no-cache",
            'postman-token': "545a2e40-b120-2096-960c-54875be347be"
            }


        response = requests.request("POST", url, headers=headers, params=querystring)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            response.encoding = response.apparent_encoding
            results = json.loads(response.text)
            #預(yù)期結(jié)果與實際結(jié)果校驗，調(diào)用result_statistics模塊
            result_statistics.test_result(results,196)
        else:
            print "http error info:%s" %response.status_code

        #match_Logger.info("start image_query22222")
        #self.assertEqual(results['total'], 888)

        '''
        try:
            self.assertEqual(results['total'], 888)
        except:
            match_Logger.error(traceback.format_exc())
        #print results['total']
        '''

    #文字匹配數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計
    def test_text_match_001(self):

        text_url = cf.URL2

        querystring = {
            "category": "text",
            "offset": "0",
            "limit": "30",
            "sourceId": "0",
            "metaTitle": "",
            "metaId": "0",
            "startTime": "2017-04-14",
            "endTime": "2017-04-15",
            "createStart": "",
            "createEnd": "",
            "sourceType": "",
            "isTracking": "true",
            "metaGroup": "",
            "companyId": "0",
            "lastDays": "0",
            "author": "",
            "content": ""
        }
        headers = {
            'cache-control': "no-cache",
            'postman-token': "ef3c29d8-1c88-062a-76d9-f2fbebf2536c"
            }

        response = requests.request("POST", text_url, headers=headers, params=querystring)

        if response.status_code == 200:
            response.encoding = response.apparent_encoding
            results = json.loads(response.text)
            #預(yù)期結(jié)果與實際結(jié)果校驗，調(diào)用result_statistics模塊
            result_statistics.test_result(results,190)
        else:
            print "http error info:%s" %response.status_code

        #print(response.text)

    def tearDown(self): 
        pass

if __name__ == '__main__':
    #image_match_Logger = ALogger('image_match', log_level='INFO')

    #構(gòu)造測試集合
    suite=unittest.TestSuite()
    suite.addTest(MyTestSuite("test_image_match_001"))
    suite.addTest(MyTestSuite("test_text_match_001"))

    #執(zhí)行測試
    runner = unittest.TextTestRunner()
    runner.run(suite)
    print "success case:",result_statistics.num_success
    print "fail case:",result_statistics.num_fail
    #unittest.main()

最終輸出日志信息

Zj-Mac:unittest lazybone$ python image_test_3.py 
測試結(jié)果：通過

.測試結(jié)果：不通過 
錯誤信息： 期望返回值:190 實際返回值:4522

.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 2 tests in 0.889s

OK
success case: 1
fail case: 1

后續(xù)改進(jìn)建議

1.unittest輸出報告也可以推薦使用HTMLTestRunner（我目前是對結(jié)果統(tǒng)計進(jìn)行了封裝）

2.接口的繼續(xù)封裝，參數(shù)化，模塊化

3.unittest單元測試框架實現(xiàn)參數(shù)化調(diào)用第三方模塊引用（nose-parameterized）

4.持續(xù)集成運(yùn)行環(huán)境、定時任務(wù)、觸發(fā)運(yùn)行、郵件發(fā)送等一系列功能均可以在Jenkins上實現(xiàn)。

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