第二章翻譯

這篇具有很好參考價值的文章主要介紹了第二章翻譯。希望對大家有所幫助。如果存在錯誤或未考慮完全的地方，請大家不吝賜教，您也可以點擊"舉報違法"按鈕提交疑問。

第二章　翻譯

2010年真題（主旨詞：sustainability）

Section Ⅲ Translation
Directions:
In this section, there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)
“Sustainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.
Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been through the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.
It didn’t go well. “It was a really bad move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll turn the corner, give it some time. ’”
【參考譯文】
近來，“承受力”成為了一個流行詞，但對特德·寧而言，他對其卻有自己親身的體會。在經(jīng)歷了一段無法承受的痛苦生活后，他清楚地認(rèn)識到，旨在提高承受力的價值觀必須體現(xiàn)在日常行為和抉擇中。
寧回憶起 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代后期銷售保險那困惑的一年。在經(jīng)歷了網(wǎng)絡(luò)泡沫的膨脹和破滅后，他急需找到一份工作，因此就與博德代理公司簽了約。
但工作進(jìn)展并不順利?！斑@的確是糟糕的一步，因為它不是我的熱情所在，”寧說。不出所料，工作上的進(jìn)退維谷造成了他銷售業(yè)績不佳。“我很痛苦，愁緒萬千，常常在半夜驚醒，望著天花板發(fā)愣。我身無分文，急需這份工作。大家都說‘耐心點，情況會好轉(zhuǎn)的?！?/p>

“Sustainability”主旨詞 has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning.
“可持續(xù)性”已成為一個流行詞,但是對于寧,概念總會有個人意義。

Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability- oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.
他在自己的生活中經(jīng)歷了一段不可持續(xù)的痛苦時期，這使他明白，以可持續(xù)發(fā)展為導(dǎo)向的價值觀必須通過日常行動和選擇來表達(dá)。

Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance.
寧回憶起上世紀(jì)90年代末，他在賣保險時度過了混亂的一年。

He’d been through the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency. It didn’t go well.
他經(jīng)歷了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的繁榮和破滅，急需一份工作，與博爾德的一家經(jīng)紀(jì)公司簽約。事情并不順利。

“It was a really bad move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales.
寧說:“這真是一個糟糕的決定，因為那不是我的興趣所在。”可以預(yù)見的是，他在這份工作上的困境會導(dǎo)致銷售業(yè)績的下降。

“I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job.
“我很痛苦，我非常焦慮，以至于我會在半夜醒來，盯著天花板看。我沒有錢，需要這份工作。

Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll turn the corner, give it some time.’”
每個人都說，‘等一下，你會轉(zhuǎn)危為安，給它一點時間?！?/p>

2011年真題（主旨句）

Section III Translation
46．Direction：
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese.Write your translation on
ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do—roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 , depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.
【參考譯文】
誰會想到信息技術(shù)行業(yè)產(chǎn)生的溫室氣體總量會與航空業(yè)不相上下，約占全球二氧化碳排放量的 2%呢？
許多日常工作對環(huán)境造成了意想不到的危害。每用谷歌搜索一次就會釋放出 0.2 克至7.0克的二氧化碳，釋放量的多少取決于使用者需要搜索多少次才能得到“正確”答案。為了把搜索結(jié)果迅速傳輸給用戶，谷歌不得不在全世界范圍內(nèi)建立大型數(shù)據(jù)中心，并配備大功率計算機(jī)。除了排放大量二氧化碳，這些計算機(jī)還釋放許多熱量，因此數(shù)據(jù)中心還需要良好的空調(diào)環(huán)境，而這又會消耗更多的能量。
不過，谷歌和其他大型技術(shù)供應(yīng)商已在密切監(jiān)控其數(shù)據(jù)中心的工作效率并作出改進(jìn)。監(jiān)控只是減排的第一步，需要做的還有很多，而且這不單單是大公司的事情。

Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do—roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?
誰會想到，在全球范圍內(nèi)，IT行業(yè)產(chǎn)生的溫室氣體量與航空業(yè)差不多——大約占二氧化碳排放總量的2% ?

Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment.
許多日常工作對環(huán)境造成了驚人的代價。

A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 , depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer.
谷歌搜索可能會泄漏0.2到7.0克的二氧化碳，這取決于需要多少次嘗試才能得到“正確”答案。

To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed with powerful computers.
因此，為了快速向用戶提供結(jié)果，谷歌必須維護(hù)遍布世界各地的龐大數(shù)據(jù)中心，這些數(shù)據(jù)中心都配備了強(qiáng)大的計算機(jī)。

While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air- conditioned, which uses even more energy.
在產(chǎn)生大量二氧化碳的同時，這些電腦也會釋放大量的熱量，因此這些中心需要安裝良好的空調(diào)，這將消耗更多的能源。

However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements.
不過，谷歌和其他大型技術(shù)提供商密切關(guān)注自己的效率并做出改進(jìn)。

Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.
監(jiān)管是減排之路的第一步，但還有很多工作要做，而且不僅僅是大公司要做。

2012年真題（主旨詞：migration）

When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates .
Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate.A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25.This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make .
【參考譯文】
當(dāng)發(fā)展中國家的人民擔(dān)心移民問題的時候，他們通常擔(dān)心的是在他們國家最優(yōu)秀、最聰明的人才離開前往硅谷或發(fā)達(dá)國家的醫(yī)院和大學(xué)之后他們國家的前景。而這些正是像英國、加拿大和澳大利亞試圖通過“大學(xué)畢業(yè)生優(yōu)先”的移民政策去吸引的人才。
大量研究表明發(fā)展中國家中受過高等教育的人更可能移民。2004 年一項對印度家庭的大規(guī)模調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)：接近 40%的移民擁有高中以上學(xué)歷，相比之下，整個印度 25 歲以上擁有高中學(xué)歷的人僅占 3.3%左右?！叭瞬帕魇А遍L期以來困擾著貧困國家的政策決策者。他們害怕這會破壞他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)，使他們失去急需的技術(shù)人才。這些人才本可以在國內(nèi)大學(xué)任教，在國內(nèi)醫(yī)院任職，或發(fā)明出智能的新產(chǎn)品供國內(nèi)的工廠生產(chǎn)制造。

2013年真題

I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly.When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does — try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before.
I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on the Broadway on the same day — they both just pop into my mind in the same way
【參考譯文】
從過去的 53 年里隨便找出一天，我都能夠立刻想起那一天我在哪里，那一天發(fā)生了什么新聞，甚至那一天是星期幾。從 4 歲起，我就具備這種能力了。
我從來沒有為自己所記住的大量的事情而感到不知所措。我似乎能夠應(yīng)對這種狀況，能夠有條理地將這些信息記在腦子里。當(dāng)我想起悲傷的事情時，我會像每個人一樣，盡力把它放在一邊，不去想它。我并不認(rèn)我因為我的記憶非常清晰，這么做對我來說就很難。強(qiáng)大的記憶力并不能使我的情感更加敏銳和生動。我能夠記得我祖父去世的那一天，以及前一天我們?nèi)メt(yī)院的路上所感到的悲傷。同樣，我也能記得同一天
在百老匯上演的音樂劇《Hair》—這些事情都以同樣的方式在我腦海里突然浮現(xiàn)。

文章出處：本文出自英國《衛(wèi)報》2011 年 12 月 2 日生活版的一篇文章。原文標(biāo)題是 Experience: I Remember Every Day of My Life（《經(jīng)歷：我記得生活中的每一天》）。
①I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week.
②I’ve been able to do this since I was four.
③I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs.
④My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly.
⑤When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does — try to put it to one side. ⑥I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer.
⑦Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid.
⑧I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before.
⑨I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on the Broadway on the same day — they both just pop into my mind in the same way.
翻譯：

試題分析：
本篇短文共兩段，9 句話，156 個詞，是一篇有關(guān)“記憶力”的主題文章，主要講述了“一個擁有
強(qiáng)大記憶力的人的種種表現(xiàn)"。本文主題貼近日常生活，相對于 2012 年(發(fā)展中國家的移民問題)、
2011 年(IT 行業(yè)的溫室氣體排放)和 2010 年(Ning 對承受力的體會)來講，內(nèi)容更易理解。在語言層
面，句式結(jié)構(gòu)較為簡單，難句較少。此外，基本沒有出現(xiàn)高難詞匯，多為四級難度的日常用詞。整
體來講，本文的翻譯比較簡單，但有些地方還需靈活把握，比如第二段③中的 overwhelmed (可參
考難句詳解)，就需在準(zhǔn)確理解詞義和上下文邏輯的基礎(chǔ)上，做靈活理解。其次要細(xì)細(xì)體會句與向
之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性，比如第二段的⑤和⑥，如果孤立地逐句翻譯，上下內(nèi)容會嚴(yán)重脫節(jié)，甚至造成錯誤
理解。
語篇分析：
Para.1:①②是一個意群。①提出主題：自己擁有驚人的記憶力；②補(bǔ)充說明：自己從 4 歲起就有此
記憶力。
Para.2:③④是一個意群。③自己對信息的接受程度強(qiáng)；④補(bǔ)充解釋：自己的大腦對信息的處理清晰有序。⑤⑥是新的意群，強(qiáng)調(diào)：自己雖記憶力強(qiáng)，但與常人一樣對某些事情可選擇忘卻。⑦⑧⑨是
一個意群，旨在說明強(qiáng)大的記憶力并不代表情感會更鮮活。⑦是觀點概括，⑧⑨是舉例支持。
難句詳解：
①：I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly (where I was), (what happened in the news) and (even the day of the week).本句應(yīng)注意并列連詞 and 的使用，前邊是謂語動詞的并列 pick…and know…后邊是三重賓語的并列 where…, what… and the day…,其中 where 和 what 引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句。
技巧點撥：pick 此處表示“隨意選擇”，不應(yīng)理解為字面的“撿起”，根據(jù)具體語境對單詞意義做具體
引申是考生背單詞時必備的意識。
③：I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information ( my brain absorbs).本句主干清晰，
需要注意的是該句中的定語從句 my brain absorbs 前省略了關(guān)系代詞 that，先行詞是 information。
技巧點撥：feel overwhelmed with 此處表示“感到不知所措”。overwhelm 做動詞本身意思是“淹沒，
壓倒”，如果直譯，譯文會不通順。
⑦：Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid.該句主干很清晰。any
more acute or vivid 作賓語補(bǔ)足語，補(bǔ)充說明 emotions.
技巧點撥：powerful 意思不難理解，表示有力量的，但在翻譯中，直接將“有力量的”代人會使句子
生澀。原文 powerful memory 本身表述的是記憶力很好，所以可譯為“強(qiáng)大的記憶力”或“極佳的記
憶力”。acute 有“(病)急性的；敏銳的，靈敏的;強(qiáng)烈的”多個含義，但鑒于被修飾詞是 emotions,所以
理解為“強(qiáng)烈的”。
⑧：I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness 1 felt when we went to the hospital the day before.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：I can recall the day ( my grandfather died) and the sadness( I felt when we went to the hospital the day before).謂語動詞 recall 后面跟有兩個賓語，一個是 day,一個是 sadness。My grandfather died 是定語從句修飾 day, I felt…before 也是定語從句，修飾 sadness。所以作者回憶的是兩件事情。the day before 是固定短語，意思是“前一天”。
技巧點撥：recall 表示“回憶”，但此處引申理解為“記得”較好。

2014年真題

Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.
Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down—say, after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons, for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.
【參考譯文】
大多數(shù)人愿意把樂觀定義為無盡的歡樂，就像一只總是裝著半杯水的杯子。但那是一種絕不會為積極心理學(xué)家所推薦的虛假快樂。哈佛大學(xué)的 Tal Ben-Shahar 教授說，“健康的樂觀主義，意味著要處于現(xiàn)實之中?！痹?Ben-Shahar 看來，現(xiàn)實的樂觀主義者，會盡最大努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都會有最好的結(jié)果。
Ben-Shahar 會進(jìn)行三種樂觀方面的練習(xí)。比如說，當(dāng)他進(jìn)行了一次糟糕的演講，感到心情郁悶的時候，他會告訴自己這是人之常情。他會提醒自己：并不是每一次演講都可以獲得諾貝爾獲，總會有一些演講比其它演講效果差。接著是重塑，他分析了這個效果不好的演講，并且從那些起作用和不起作用的演講中吸取教訓(xùn)為將來做準(zhǔn)備。最后，需要有這樣一種觀點，那就是承認(rèn)，在廣闊的生命當(dāng)中，一次演講根本算不上什么。

2015 年真題（例題詳解）

文章出處：本文源自一個心理學(xué)方面的網(wǎng)站 www. spring. org.uk，原文標(biāo)題是 The Well-Travelled Road Effect: Why Familiar Routes Fly By，根據(jù)英語(二)翻譯大綱的要求，命題人對原文若干表達(dá)做了調(diào) 整處理。
①Think about driving a route that’s very familiar.
②It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home.
③Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand.
④On these sorts of trips it’s easy to lose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery.
⑤The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.
⑥This is the well-travelled road effect: People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.
⑦The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention.
⑧When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly.
⑨And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it.
⑩So we assume it was shorter.
試題分析：
概述：本篇短文共三段，10 句話，156 個詞，講述了“熟悉的道路會讓人覺得時間過得更快"這一心理現(xiàn)象。
題材：本文主題“熟路效應(yīng)”，屬典型的社會心理范疇，與 2014 年翻譯主題“如何看待并做到樂觀”、 2013年“記憶力”都屬貼近生活的大眾題材，相對于2012年“發(fā)展中國家的移民問題”、2011 年“IT 行業(yè)的溫室氣體排放”和 2010 年“Ning 對承受力的體會”來講，內(nèi)容更易理解，文中生詞等語言障礙完全可借助自己的真實感受與認(rèn)知做適當(dāng)分析、推理和猜測，這對考生獲取理想分?jǐn)?shù)無疑很有幫助。
語言：本文總計 156 個詞(同 2013 年)，相對于 2014 年(147 個詞)略有增加，但屬正常范圍(150個詞左右)，用詞也相對簡單，基本都是大綱中的常見詞，沒有任何生僻或?qū)I(yè)詞匯。本文由三段組成，共 10 句話，屬六年來句子最多的年份之一，這意味著短句較多，旬子層面的理解難度不大。
總體來講，2015 年翻譯短文的語言偏易。
語篇分析：
本篇短文在行文邏輯上屬“導(dǎo)人式”結(jié)構(gòu):
Para.1：是引子，以假定的“你”為例，講述“熟悉的道路會讓人覺得時間過得更快”這一心理現(xiàn)象。
Para.2：引出話題—“熟路效應(yīng)”及其概念。
Para.3：擴(kuò)展話題—詳述“熟路效應(yīng)”產(chǎn)生的原理。
逐段精講： Para.1
①Think about driving a route that’s very familiar.
②It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home.
③Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand.
④On these sorts of trips it’s easy to lose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery.
⑤The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.
翻譯：
①設(shè)想駕車行駛在一條非常熟悉的路線上。
②可以是上下班的路上，也可以是進(jìn)城途中或者回家的路上。
③無論哪一條，你都對其各個轉(zhuǎn)彎了如指掌。
④在這種路上，你開車很容易心不在焉，并且不太關(guān)注沿途的景色。
⑤結(jié)果就是你會覺得路途上所花的時間比實際要少。
語篇分析：
本段是引子，以假定的“你”為例，講述“熟悉的道路會讓人覺得時間過得更快”這一心理現(xiàn)象。
①通過 Think about…提出一設(shè)想情形(你)駕車行駛在一條熟悉的道路上；②③圍繞①作補(bǔ)充論述:② 舉例說明熟悉的道路有哪些，③強(qiáng)調(diào)( whichever/every twist and turn)你對這些道路的“熟悉”非同一般(know…like the back of your hand)；④遞進(jìn)指出因道路熟悉而導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果—你會心不在焉( lose concentration/ pay little attention)；⑤進(jìn)一步指出你心不在焉所帶來的后果( consequence)一產(chǎn)生錯覺( perceive),認(rèn)為路途花的時間少(即時間過得更快)。簡而言之，本段有三個意群①②③→④→⑤，彼此間屬因果遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，①②③講對道路的熟悉，④講熟悉導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果(心不在焉)，而⑤則是講心不在焉產(chǎn)生的終極結(jié)果(錯覺)。
逐句精解：
①：Think about diving a route (that’s very familiar).
本句是以動詞短語 Think about…開頭的折使句，表示“建議"，類似表達(dá)還有 Imagine…, 比如Imagine winning the lottery jackpot. 想象一下我們中了彩票頭獎的情景吧；句尾括號表達(dá)是關(guān)系代詞that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾限定前面的 a route,表示具體哪一種“線路”，鑒于該定語從句較短，可把它與先行詞 a route“合譯”，即“一條非常熟悉的路線”。本句學(xué)習(xí)重點是 Think about…祈使句型，可用于舉例。
②：It could be your commute (to work)，a trip (into town) or the way (home).
本句的結(jié)構(gòu)是 It could be…, …or…, 屬常見舉例句型，意思是 “可以是… ，…或…”主語 It 指代前一句中的“熟悉的路線”；句中三處畫線表達(dá) commute，trip 和 way 即是所舉的三種線路，在措辭上屬于 route 的近義詞替換；括號表達(dá) to work 是介詞短語(非不定式)作后置定語修飾 commute (通勤)，表示前往工作地的通勤路線，可靈活處理為“上下班的路途”，括號表達(dá) into town 是介詞短語作后置定語修飾 trip (旅程)，表示“去城里”或“進(jìn)城”的路途，句尾括號表達(dá) home 是副詞作后置定語修飾 way,表示“回家”之路。本句的學(xué)習(xí)重點是舉例的句型 I could be…, …or…；理解和翻譯難點是 commute，但考生可根據(jù)上文的 route 以及下文舉例中的 tip 和 way 推測它們應(yīng)是近義詞，進(jìn)而加以理解和翻譯。
③：Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand.
本句是復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)，前面是 Whichever 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句( Whichever=No matter which 無論哪個)，后面是主句，前者對后者起語氣加強(qiáng)的作用，強(qiáng)調(diào)你對熟悉線路的熟知達(dá)到了“了如指掌”的程度。在前面的從句中，代詞 it 指代上文的 route(路線)，Whichever 則指上文所舉的 commute, trip 和 way 中的任何一個，乃至其他；在主句中，主語是 you,謂語動詞是 know,賓語是 every twist and turn(每一處轉(zhuǎn)彎)，句尾畫線表達(dá) like…是介詞短語作程度狀語，修飾謂語動詞 know,表示“知曉的程度”，也可以把 know…like the back of your hand 視為固定習(xí)語加以記憶，意為“對…了如指掌”。
本句的學(xué)習(xí)重點是 whichever 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句和習(xí)語 know…like the back of your hand；理解和翻譯的難點是 twist and turn，對此考生可首先根據(jù)短文主題詞 route 確定 turn 的具體含義應(yīng)是與道路相關(guān)的“拐彎處”，再根據(jù)并列詞 and (其前后屬同義邏輯)推測出 twist 的大概語義應(yīng)與 turn接近或類似，兩者結(jié)合可翻譯為“轉(zhuǎn)彎”。
④：On these sorts of trips, it’s easy to (lose concentration on the driving) and (pay little attention to the passing scenery).
本句的主干是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)…it’s easy to (lose…) and (pay…) ，其中 it 是形式主語，真正的主語是并列的不定式短語 to (lose…) and (pay…) ；在不定式短語中，lose concentration on（對…心不在焉）和 pay little attention to （很少關(guān)注）是并列的兩個近義習(xí)語；句首的畫線表達(dá) On…是介詞短語作地點狀語，表示后面主干信息發(fā)生的地點背景，其中的指示代詞 these 指代上文③中的 whichever和②中的 commute to work，trip into town 和 the way home 這些熟悉的線路，本質(zhì)上與①a route that’s very familiar 相同。
本句的學(xué)習(xí)重點是代詞 these 的指代對象；形式主語 it 的“略譯”；it’s easy to…翻譯時可增補(bǔ)不定式的邏輯主語，根據(jù)本段上下文中的 you，Para.2 中的 people, Para.3 中的 we，此處可增譯“你” 作主語，表示泛指，即“在這種路上，你很容易…根據(jù)并列連詞 and 后的熟悉短語 pay little attention to （很少關(guān)注）進(jìn)而確定前面 lose concentration on（對…心不在焉）的理解與翻譯；the passing scenery 字面語義是“經(jīng)過的風(fēng)景”，根據(jù)上下文和主題詞(route)可調(diào)整翻譯為“沿途的景色”。
⑤：The consequence is {that you perceive (that the trip has taken less time than it actually has)}. 本句的主干是主系表結(jié)構(gòu) The consequence（主）is（系）that（表）…，表示上文④…to lose concentration on… and pay little attention to…帶來的結(jié)果；在 that 引導(dǎo)的表語從句（具體的結(jié)果）中，主語是 you，謂語是 perceive（覺得），賓語是 that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句（即賓語從句，表示具體 “感覺"的內(nèi)容）；在 that 賓語從句中，主語是 the trip，謂語動詞是 has taken（花費(fèi)），賓語是 less time, 畫線表達(dá)是 than 引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句，與前面的 less 形成語義對應(yīng)，表明 “印象中花費(fèi)的時間” 與“實際花費(fèi)的時間” 的比較；在該狀語從句中，主語 it 指代前面的 the trip，謂語部分則省略了 has后面的 taken, 以避免與前面的 has taken 發(fā)生重復(fù)（注：比較結(jié)構(gòu)中常出現(xiàn)代詞指代與表述省略的現(xiàn)象）。
學(xué)習(xí)重點：
consequence 一詞所體現(xiàn)的上下文因果關(guān)系；that 表語從句中又包含 that 賓語從句；than
引導(dǎo)的比較結(jié)構(gòu)常發(fā)生“代詞指代”和“省略”現(xiàn)象；take 一詞結(jié)合其后的賓語搭配 less time 應(yīng)理解為“花費(fèi)”。
難點：
對 perceive 一詞缺乏認(rèn)知的考生，一方面可根據(jù)此句的前后漢語譯文將將其“順出”；另一方面可根據(jù)下文 Para.2⑥… people tend to underestimate the time it takes familiar route, Para.3⑧… time seems to flow more quickly, Para.3⑩So we assume it was shorter 可以推斷出其意應(yīng)是 “覺得”“感覺” 或 “認(rèn)為” 。
逐段精講：Para.2
⑥：This is the well-travelled road effect: People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.
翻譯：
⑥這就是“熟路效應(yīng)”：人們往往會低估（游歷）在熟悉路線上所花費(fèi)的時間。
語篇分析：
本段由一句組成，承接上文并引出話題一熟路效應(yīng) (the well-travelled road effect)及其概念（冒號后信息）。注意代詞 This 的語義，它指代 Para.1 的舉例信息（尤其⑤中的結(jié)論），起承上啟下的作用：另外，本段冒號后的信息是對前面“熟路效應(yīng)”概念的解釋，在語義上與 Para.1⑤的意思高度切合，
理解時可相互參考。
逐句精解：
⑥：This is the Well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time (it lakes to travel a familiar route).
本句的主干是“主(This)系(is)表(the…effect)”結(jié)構(gòu)，冒號后面的信息相當(dāng)于同位語從句，對
the…effect 做進(jìn)一步明確闡述，其中的括號表達(dá)是省略了關(guān)系代詞 that 的定語從句，修飾限定前面
的 the time，表示具體哪一方面的時間；在該定語從句中，it 是形式主語，真正的主語是不定式短語 to travel a familiar route，謂語動詞是 takes（花費(fèi)），其邏輯賓語即是省略的關(guān)系代詞 that（指代前面的 the time）。
學(xué)習(xí)重點：
This 指代 Para.1，尤其句⑤的信息；well-travelled 結(jié)合本文主題詞“a route that’s very
familiar”以及冒號后面的解釋信息 a familiar route 可推知應(yīng)是“familiar”之意；road 是本文主題詞route 的替換表達(dá)；effect（效果/效應(yīng)）在語義上對應(yīng)上文 Para.1⑤中的 consequence（結(jié)果）；people 是上文 Para.1⑤中 you 的替換表達(dá)；
underestimate the time 對應(yīng) Para. 1⑤中的 perceive that the trip has
taken less time than it actually has；
to travel a familiar route 對應(yīng) Para. 1①中的 driving a route that’s very
familiar；句尾定語從句與先行詞 the time 的“合譯”。
逐段精講： Para.3
⑦The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention.
⑧When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly.
⑨And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it.
⑩So we assume it was shorter.
翻譯：
⑦該效應(yīng)是由我們分配注意力的方式所引起的。
⑧當(dāng)我們行駛在熟悉的道路上時，我們無須過于集中注意力，因此時間似乎流逝得更快。
⑨之后，在回想這段旅程時，由于沒有特別留意，我們對旅途的記憶會不太清晰。
⑩于是，我們會覺得旅程較短。
語篇分析：
本段圍繞話題（The effect）做擴(kuò)展論述，詳述“熟路效應(yīng)”產(chǎn)生的原理。
本段的行文邏輯屬總分關(guān)系⑦→⑧⑨⑩。⑦是總述句，開門見山指出“熟路效應(yīng)”是由我們注意力的分配方式所引起的；⑧⑨⑩對具體如何引起做詳細(xì)講述：⑧講注意力不集中（這一注意力分配方式）會讓我們覺得時間流逝得更快，⑨講注意力不集中（這一注意力分配方式）會讓我們對旅程產(chǎn)生模糊印象，⑩作總結(jié)，這就是我們的錯覺(assume)，即“熟路效應(yīng)”，產(chǎn)生的原因(So)，呼應(yīng)本段開頭句⑦。
逐句精講：
⑦：The effect is caused by the way (we allocate our attention).
be caused by 明確表示本句是對上文話題“the well-travelled road effect”的原因解釋；括號表達(dá)是省略了關(guān)系副詞 that 或 in which 的定語從句，修飾限定前面的 the way，表示具體做什么事情的方式。
學(xué)習(xí)重點：
The effect 指上文 Para.2 中的“the well-travelled road effect”，即 Para.1⑤中的 The
consequence；be caused by 表示“前果后因”，即 the way…是對 The effect 的原因解釋；allocate our attention 是理解與翻譯的難點，但作為 The effect 的原因解釋信息，我們可借助 Para.1⑤中 The consequence 的原因“… pay little attention…”來加以理解，即 allocate 在語義上接近 pay；句尾的定語從句比較簡短，可與前面的先行詞 the way “合譯” ，即 “我們注意力的分配方式” 。
⑧：When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly.
本句的主干是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)… time seems to flow more quickly，其中主語是 time。
seems 是系動詞，表語是不定式短語 to flow…，此處的 flow 根據(jù)主語 time 可引申理解為 “流逝” ，本部分信息整體上相當(dāng)于 Para.1⑤…you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has；句首的畫線表達(dá)是 When 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，表示主干信息發(fā)生的時間背景，其中的 travel 是 drive 的替換表達(dá)，介詞 down 表示 “沿著” ，well-known 是上文 familiar 和 well-travelled 的替換表達(dá)，整個此部分表達(dá)相當(dāng)于 Para.1④中的 On these sorts of trips；第二處畫線表達(dá)是 because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，表示主干信息發(fā)生的原因，其中的 concentrate much 表示“注意力高度集中”，don’t have to concentrate much 則相當(dāng)于 Para.1④中的 easy to lose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery。
學(xué)習(xí)重點：
本句作為“熟路效應(yīng)”的原理解釋可與 Para.1④⑤關(guān)聯(lián)起來理解。
⑨：And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it.
本句的主干是…we can’t remember the journey well…；句首的 afterwards 是副詞，意為 “之后” ，表示前后句的語義承接；畫線表達(dá) when…是時間狀語從句，表示主干信息發(fā)生的時間背景，其中的 come to 可理解為 “慢慢地” 或 “逐漸地” ，think back on 則是固定短語，意思是 “回想起” ，代詞 it 指代下文主句中的 the journey；句尾的畫線表達(dá)是 because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，表示主干信息發(fā)生的原因，鑒于狀狀語在英譯漢時常前置到主句前，此處譯文亦可如此處理。
學(xué)習(xí)重點：
afterwards 作為語義街接詞的用法：come to 的正確理解；英譯漢時狀語（從句）的前置。
⑩：So we assume it was shorter.
本句的主干是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)…we assume (that)…；So 作為副詞，表示前后句是因果語義關(guān)系，上
文為 “因” ，其后為 “果” ；主語 we 泛指 “人們”，可視為 Para.1⑤中的 you 和 Para.2⑥中的 People的替換表達(dá)；謂語動詞 assume 原意是 “假設(shè)”，通常引申理解為依據(jù)不足的 “認(rèn)為” ，暗示后面的觀點可能是錯誤的，此詞可視為 Para.1⑤中的 perceive，Para.2⑥中的 tend to underestimate 和 Para. 3⑧中的 seems 的替換表達(dá)；
assume 后面的賓語從句省略了引導(dǎo)詞 that；在從句中，主語 it 指代 Para. 3⑨中的 journey；shorter 在語義上則對應(yīng) Para.3⑧… time seems to flow more quickly，Para.2⑥… people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route 和 Para.1⑤中…you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has。
學(xué)習(xí)重點：
So 作為語義銜接詞的用法；assume 的正確理解；文中關(guān)鍵信息的同義轉(zhuǎn)換。
課后作業(yè)：

Subways Are Spreading Fast
The world’s first underground train, on the world’s first metro system, travelled the three and a half miles from Paddington to Farringdon on January 9th 1863. Then, as now, Londoners queued to get aboard the packed carriages. Another 29 years passed before Chicago became the second city to boast a metro whose first line ran on the ground rather than underground. But metro-building accelerated from the 1960s, in reaction to the growth of spreading gigantic metropolises around the world. Now almost 190 cities have metros, with more to come amid a fresh boom of construction in developing countries. In 2012 the Chinese cities of Suzhou,Kunming and Hangzhou opened theirs, as did Lima in Peru. Among the proud new owners of a metro in 2011 was Algiers. Existing metro systems are also being expanded at a rapid pace. On December 30th Beijing opened
70km of new lines，bringing the total to 442km and making the Chinese capital’s system the world’s longest, overtaking Shanghai’s. (158 words)
Think Yourself Well Recently, respectable research has demonstrated that those who frequently experience positive emotions live longer and healthier lives. They have fewer heart attacks, for example, and fewer colds too.
Doctors in the ancient world had a saying: “a healthy mind in a healthy body”. Though this proverb is true, a better one might be, “a healthy mind for a healthy body”.
Why this happens, though, is only slowly becoming understood. What is needed is an experiment
that points out specific and measurable ways in which such emotions alter an individual’s biology. A study published in Psychological Science, by Fredrickson and Kok at the University of North Carolina, does precisely that.
Dr. Fredrickson and Dr. Kok concentrated their attentions on a nerve which starts in the brain and runs, via numerous branches, to several organs including the heart. Among its jobs is to send signals
telling that organ to slow down during moments of calm and safety. (156 words)
How Will History See Me?
Next week Barack Obama will take the oath of office as elected president of the United States for the second time—an honour granted only to 16 men
Before him. When he returns to the Oval Office he will rediscover a string of problems, from domestic struggles over America’s gun control to bloodier conflicts in Mali and Syria. But now more than ever he would be wise to look at the long term. How will history see him?
Mr. Obama has done a praiseworthy job of putting a critically ill patient on the road to recovery. His main legislative achievement—health-care reform—may yet help millions of Americans, though the verdict on that must await its full implementation. All this, together with an unconvincing opponent, persuaded enough Americans to back him in November. But his first term was nowhere near successful enough to guard him against the possibility of a disastrous second term wiping away all else. (157 words)
Universities Are Failing at Teaching Social Media “Overall, the higher education system is filing to prepare students with the needed social skill set in any meaningful way.” says Dr. William Ward of Syracuse University. “Higher education, like business, needs a culture shift.”
Ward teaches Social Media You Need to Know and Social Media Theory and Practice at Syracuse
University. His offerings are among only a handful
of social media courses offered at leading universities today. For Ward, who goes on Twitter and has nearly 10, 000 followers, the imperative for more courses is clear. “Students with social media certification are getting better jobs,” he says. “Those who are proficient in social communications are in high demand and have an advantage.”
The numbers back him up. While U. S. unemployment hovers around 8%，jobs requiring social
media skills rose 87% from 2011 to 2012, topping 13, 000 in one month alone earlier this year. But while businesses are hungry to obtain social media, they lack the expertise. (158 words)

2016年真題

The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you’ll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you’ll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.
The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more.The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.
【參考譯文】
超市旨在吸引顧客盡可能長時間的停留在店中。其原因很簡單：顧客在店里停留的時間越長，看到的商品越多；而看到的商品越多，買的就會越多。超市中出售大量的商品。根據(jù)食品推廣協(xié)會的調(diào)查，普通的超市大概有 44000 種不同的商品；還有很多超市出售的商品高達(dá)上萬種。如此多的選擇足以使顧客面對超負(fù)荷的信息。根據(jù)腦部掃描實驗，需要快速的做這么多決定就會讓我們難以承受。大約在購物 40 分鐘之后，大多人就不會再努力做出理性的選擇了，取而代之的就是沖動購物——而這時，我們的購物車中已經(jīng)裝了一半根本就沒想買的東西了。
第二章翻譯

2017年真題（主旨詞：fashion）

My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course. However, during that course I realized I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities.But, to be honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream—I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all! So I decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing. This is when I noticed the course “Fashion Media & Promotion.”
【參考譯文】
我的夢想一直是在時裝設(shè)計和出版領(lǐng)域找尋一份工作。在我中學(xué)畢業(yè)的兩年前，我選修了一門“縫紉和設(shè)計”課程，并且以為我能再繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)一個時裝設(shè)計的課程。然而，就在這個課程的學(xué)習(xí)過程中，我意識到, 將來在這個領(lǐng)域，我是無法與那些富于創(chuàng)新精神的精英們相比的。于是，我斷定這條路行不通。在申請上大學(xué)之前，我對所有人都講，我想學(xué)新聞學(xué)，因為寫作曾經(jīng)是并且現(xiàn)在也一直是我最喜歡的事情之一。但是說實話，我之所以這樣說，是因為我認(rèn)為從事時裝設(shè)計不過是我的一個夢想，我也知道，除了我之外，沒有人能想象出我會從事時裝設(shè)計的工作。

2018年真題

A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.
That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world works. “Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore”, Gates says.
【參考譯文】
一個五年級的學(xué)生收到一份家庭作業(yè)：即從一系列職業(yè)中選擇自己未來的職業(yè)道路。他勾劃了“宇航員”，但很快由將“科學(xué)家”添加到列表中，并也將其選中。這個男孩相信，如果他讀得足夠多，他就可以探索盡可能多的他喜歡的職業(yè)道路。所以他讀書廣泛——從百科全書到科幻小說。他讀得如此投入，以至于他的父母不得不制定一個：在餐桌上的“不讀書政策”。
那個男孩就是比爾蓋茨，他沒有停止閱讀，甚至在他成為這個星球上最成功的人士之一后，仍舊沒有停下來?，F(xiàn)在，他的閱讀材料已經(jīng)不再是科幻小說和工具書了：最近據(jù)他所說，他一年內(nèi)至少讀了 50 本非科幻小說。比爾蓋茨選擇非科幻小說類書籍，是因為這類書籍解釋了世界是如何運(yùn)作的。“每本書都開辟了新的知識探索渠道?！鄙w茨說。

2019年真題（主旨句：It is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot）

It is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.” Easily said. Not so easily done.James Heriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.
【參考譯文】
我們很容易低估英國作家吉米.哈利。他有著一種令人愉快的、可讀的風(fēng)格，有人認(rèn)為這種風(fēng)格任何人都可以模仿得來。很多次我聽到人們說：“我能寫一本書，我只是沒時間?！闭f起來容易，做起來難。然而與大家通常所想的不同，正如吉米？哈利所言，他在早年覺得“嘗試寫作游戲”并非易事。顯然，即便他極具寫作天賦，哈利呈現(xiàn)給這個世界的作品也是經(jīng)過多年的練習(xí)、重寫、閱讀并且經(jīng)過潤色之后才得以形成的。與大多數(shù)作家一樣，一路走來，吉米？哈利不得不經(jīng)受多次的失望與拒絕，但是這一切更堅定了他獲取成功的決心。他生命中所取得的一切，都是依靠自己艱苦的努力所獲得的。他在文學(xué)領(lǐng)域的成功也不例外。

2020年真題（主旨句：It’s almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure.）

It’s almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure. People who do so probably live so cautiously that they go nowhere. Put simply, they’re not real living at all. But, the wonderful thing about failure is that it’s entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.
We can choose to see failure as “the end of the world”, or as proof of just how inadequate we are.Or, we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is. Every time we fail at something, we can choose to look for the lesson we’re meant to learn. These lessons are very important; they’re how we grow, and how we keep from making that same mistake again.
Failures stop us only if we let them. Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise.
For instance, failure can help you discover how strong a person you are. Failing at something can help you discover your truest friends, or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.
【參考譯文】
人的一生幾乎不可能不經(jīng)歷某種失敗。如果真的有這樣的人，那么他們很可能生活得非常小心，甚至哪里都不去。簡單來說，他們那樣根本就不是在真正地生活。但是，失敗的妙處就在于，完全由我們來決定如何看待它。
我們可以選擇將失敗看作是“世界末日”，或者是我們存在不足的證據(jù)?；蛘呦褚酝粯?，把它看作令人難以置信的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷。每當(dāng)我們在某件事上失敗時，我們會選擇尋找應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)的教訓(xùn)。這些教訓(xùn)非常重要；他們教會我們?nèi)绾纬砷L，如何避免再次犯相同的錯誤。如果失敗阻止我們前進(jìn)，那么唯一的條件就是我們允許它的發(fā)生。
失敗還可以教會我們認(rèn)識自己，那是我們在別處永遠(yuǎn)無法學(xué)習(xí)到的。例如，失敗可以幫助你發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的能力。失敗可以幫助你發(fā)現(xiàn)最真實的朋友，或者幫助你找到預(yù)料之外的成功動力。
第二章翻譯文章來源地址http://www.zghlxwxcb.cn/news/detail-480864.html