【Transcript 】

火災隨時隨地都可能發(fā)生，而且毫無征兆。如果您在家中或工作中遇到火災，便攜式滅火器可以幫助您保護自己，并有可能將火災扼殺在搖籃中。本課程將向您介紹便攜式滅火器、其工作原理和使用方法。成功完成本課程后，您應該能夠識別便攜式滅火器的用途，以及何時和如何使用滅火器。

Fires can happen any time, anywhere without warning. If you encounter a fire at home or on the job, a portable fire extinguisher can help you protect yourself and possibly stop the fire in its tracks. This course will introduce you to portable fire extinguishers, how they work and how to use them. When you have successfully completed this course, you should be able to recognize the uses of a portable fire extinguisherand when and how to use one.

第 1 課：手提式滅火器的用途

Lesson 1: Uses of Portable Fire Extinguishers.

便攜式滅火器有兩個主要用途，了解其中的區(qū)別非常重要。便攜式滅火器的第一個也是最重要的一個用途是幫助人們逃離火場。便攜式滅火器可用于暫時清除逃生路線上的火源，或幫助出口多保持一會兒暢通。所有人都應熟悉手提式滅火器的功能，并了解工作場所中滅火器的位置。這有助于確保在火災緊急情況下安全疏散。

Portable fire extinguishers have two primary purposes, and it is very important that you understand the difference. The first and most important purpose of a portable fire extinguisher is to help people escape a fire. Portable fire extinguishers can be used to temporarily clear fire away from your escape route, or help keep an exit open a little while longer. All people should be familiar with how portable fire extinguishers function, and should know the location of fire extinguishers in the workplace. This can help ensure safe evacuation during a fire emergency.

便攜式滅火器的第二個用途是完全滅火。這是一項難度更大的任務，需要經(jīng)過培訓才能安全完成。正如我們將要討論的那樣，手提式滅火器有其局限性，它們根本無法撲滅大火。許多雇主根本不希望他們的員工在工作場所滅火。工作場所中的滅火器可能只是用來保護逃生通道的，即使是小火，雇主也可能希望你撤離。本培訓課程將幫助您在火災中使用便攜式滅火器保護自己，但并不授權(quán)您滅火。如果您的雇主不希望您在工作場所使用滅火器撲救小火，他們會為您提供額外的實際操作培訓，并告知您在火災緊急情況下的職責。

The second purpose of a portable fire extinguisher is to fully extinguish fires. This is a much harder task and it requires training to do safely. Portable fire extinguishers have limitations, as we will discuss, and they are simply not capable of extinguishing large fires. Many employers do not want their employees fighting fires in the workplace at all. The extinguishers in your workplace may be intended only for protecting escape routes, and your employer may wish you to evacuate during even a small fire. This training course will prepare you to use a portable fire extinguisher to protect yourself during a fire, but does not authorize you to fight fires. If your employer does not want you to use fire extinguishers to fight small fires in your workplace, they will provide you with additional hands on training and inform you of your role during a fire emergency.

火災根據(jù)燃燒的燃料類型進行分類。A 類火災燃燒的是木材、紙張、布料、橡膠和塑料等常見固體燃料。B 類火災燃燒易燃液體燃料，如油、汽油、油漆和溶劑。C 類火災是電氣火災。它們可能使用與 A 類或 B 類火災相同的燃料，但也包括通電的電氣設(shè)備，并且必須使用非水基物質(zhì)進行撲救。K 類火災是指燃燒動物或植物脂肪的廚房火災，如油炸鍋或煎鍋中的火災。最后，D 類火災燃燒的是鋰和鎂等易燃金屬。

Fires are classified based on the type of fuel being burned. Class A fires burn common solid fuels like wood, paper, cloth, rubber and plastic. Class B fires burn flammable liquid fuels like oils, gasoline, paints and solvents. Class C fires are electrical fires. They may have the same fuels as Class A or B fires, but they also include energized electrical equipment and must be fought with substances that are not water based. Class K fires are kitchen fires that involve burning animal or vegetable fat, such as in a deep fat fryer or a frying pan. Finally, Class D fires burn flammable metals such as lithium and magnesium.

滅火器預設(shè)的滅火類型并不同。在過去，許多滅火器都是針對特定的火災類型而設(shè)定的。例如，常見的水基滅火器只能撲救 A 類火災。如今，大多數(shù)滅火器的額定滅火類型為 A、B 和 C 類，從而簡化了操作。但你不能認為所有滅火器都是 A、B 和 C 類型的。雖然不常見，但有些地方仍然保留著只能撲救一類火災的舊滅火器，有些地方則在存在特定火災隱患時保留著撲救特定火災等級的滅火器。例如，商業(yè)餐飲設(shè)施必須在油炸鍋附近放置 K 型滅火器，家庭和辦公室廚房有時也會使用這種滅火器。使用易燃金屬的設(shè)施通常會在使用和儲存易燃金屬的區(qū)域備有 D 型滅火器。您應該經(jīng)常檢查滅火器，以確保它對您所面臨的火災類型有效，因為錯誤的滅火器實際上可能會使情況變得更糟。例如，如果您嘗試在普通木材火災中使用 K 型滅火器，就會浪費寶貴的疏散時間。如果在電氣火災中噴灑 A 型水基滅火器，很有可能會觸電，而周圍的建筑物則會燃燒起來。

Fire extinguishers are rated to fight the different classes of fire. In the past, many fire extinguishers were rated for specific fire classes. For example, it was common to find water-based extinguishers rated to fight only class A fires. These days, most extinguishers are rated to fight A, B and C fires, which simplifies things. But you can't assume all fire extinguishers are A, B and C. It's uncommon, but some places still have old extinguishers that only fight one class of fire, and some places keep extinguishers on hand to fight specific fire classes when there are specific fire hazards. For example, commercial food service facilities are required to keep a type K extinguisher near deep fat fryers, and they are sometimes found in home and office kitchens as well. Facilities that work with flammable metals will usuallyhave a type D extinguisher on hand in areas where flammable metals are used and stored. You should always check a fire extinguisher to make sure it will work on the type of fire you're facing, because the wrong extinguisher could actually make things worse. For example, if you try to use a type K extinguisher on a regular wood fire, you'll waste precious evacuation time. If you spray a water-based type A extinguisher on an electrical fire, there's a good chance you'll be electrocuted while the building goes up in flames around you.

第 2 課：如何使用手提式滅火器。

Lesson 2: How to Use a Portable Fire Extinguisher.

如果遇到任何規(guī)模的火災，首先要做的就是確定撤離路線。如果大火已經(jīng)肆虐，您唯一的選擇可能就是立即逃離。即使您打算留下來滅火，如果火勢失去控制，您也需要找到一條逃生之路。盡量尋找最短、最無障礙的出口路線，最好是與火勢相反的方向。如果火勢正在侵襲您的疏散通道，請使用滅火器清理道路并立即疏散。除非有暢通的撤離通道，否則絕不要留下來救火，即使是小火。其次，盡可能拉響警報。這通常意味著只需拉動壁掛式警報器上的拉桿，如果可以安全地做到這一點，還可以撥打119，但您應該檢查一下您的應急行動計劃，看看是否還有其他應該遵循的步驟。即使是您認為自己可以撲滅的小火，也要立即拉響警報，這樣一旦情況失控，救援人員就會立即趕到。

If you encounter a fire of any size, the first thing you should do is identify your evacuation path. If the fire is already raging, your only choice may be to flee right away. Even if you plan to stay and fight the fire, you will need a way to escape if the fire grows out of control. Try to find the shortest, most obstacle-free route to an exit, preferably one in the opposite direction from the fire. If fire is encroaching on your evacuation path, use a fire extinguisher to clear the way and evacuate immediately. Never stay to fight a fire, even a small fire, unless you have a clear exit path available. Next, sound the alarm if you can. This usually means just pulling the lever on a wall-mounted alarm station, and calling 911 if you can do so safely, but you should check your emergency action plan to see if there are other steps you should follow as well. Even if it is a small fire that you think you can put out yourself, immediately sound the alarm so that if things get out of hand, help will already be on the way.

在決定如何應對火災時，您需要考慮火災的規(guī)模和火災所處的階段。美國國家防火協(xié)會確定了火災的四個階段：初起、成長、完全發(fā)展和衰退。您想進一步了解火災的各個階段嗎？

When deciding how to respond to a fire, you will need to take into account both the size of the fire, and what stage it is. The NFPA identifies 4 stages of a fire: incipient, growth, fully developed, and decay. Would you like to learn more about the stages of a fire?

火災的第一階段是萌芽或點火階段。此時，熱量、氧氣和燃料首次結(jié)合，開始發(fā)生化學反應。初燃階段的火非常小。您可能會看到燃料燃燒產(chǎn)生的少量煙霧，也可能會看到小火苗。任何經(jīng)過培訓并獲準使用便攜式滅火器的人都應該能夠在初起階段撲滅火災。

The first stage of a fire is the incipient or ignition stage. This is when heat, oxygen and fuel first combine and the chemical reaction begins. Fires in the incipient stage are very small. You may see a small amount of smoke from smoldering fuel, or you might see small flames. Fires in this first stage are the easiest to fight, and anyone trainedand authorized to use a portable fire extinguisher should be able to put out a fire if they catch it during the incipient stage.

下一個火災階段是增長階段，火焰開始消耗附近的燃料，火勢蔓延。這通常也是最短的階段，因為火勢會迅速蔓延。如果火勢被完全控制住，如烤箱或金屬垃圾桶內(nèi)的小火，您仍然可以使用便攜式滅火器撲滅處于成長階段的火災。處于成長階段的未控制火災難以預測，難以控制，可能會產(chǎn)生致命的閃燃情況，即整個房間同時著火。只有訓練有素的消防員才能使用更先進的設(shè)備撲救處于生長階段的未控制火災。應使用便攜式滅火器確保出口安全，并幫助人們逃離現(xiàn)場。

The next fire stage is the growth stage, as flames begin to consume nearby fuel and the fire spreads. This is also usually the shortest stage because fires grow so rapidly. You may still be able to use a portable fire extinguisher to fight a fire in the growth stageif the fire is completely contained, such as a small fire inside an oven or metal trash can. Uncontained fires in the growth stage are incredibly unpredictable and hard to control, and can produce deadly flashover situations in which the entire room ignites at once. Uncontained fires in the growth stage should only be fought by trained firefighters using more sophisticated equipment. Portable fire extinguishers should be used to secure exits and help people escape the area.

火災的第三個階段是完全發(fā)展階段。此時，火焰已經(jīng)點燃了大部分或全部可用燃料，火勢達到最大燃燒能力。這是火災中最熱的階段，也是對周圍人員最危險的階段。便攜式滅火器不足以撲滅完全燃燒的大火，但仍可幫助人們逃離現(xiàn)場。

The third stage of a fire is the fully developed stage. At this point flames have ignited mostor all of the available fuel, and the fire is burning at maximum capacity. This is the hottest stage of a fire, and the most dangerous for people in the vicinity. Portable fire extinguishers are not sufficient to fight fully developed fires, but they may still be useful for helping people to escape the area.

最后一個階段是衰減或燃盡階段。這是指可用氧氣和燃料迅速耗盡，火開始熄滅。衰減階段通常是火災中持續(xù)時間最長的階段，在這一階段，如果引入更多燃料或氧氣，就有可能引發(fā)新的火災。在這一階段，如果突然引入大量氧氣，例如窗戶破損導致室外空氣進入，也有發(fā)生逆流爆炸的危險。在大火的衰減階段，所有人都應撤離現(xiàn)場，將滅火工作留給專業(yè)人員。有時可以使用便攜式滅火器或水桶或沙桶完全撲滅處于衰減階段的小火。這樣做是為了防止新的火苗意外竄起，例如確保在離開露營地之前熄滅篝火。

The final stage is the decay or burnout stage. This is when the available oxygen and fuel are rapidly depleting, and the fire starts to die. The decay stage is usually the longest stage of a fire, and during this stage there is a risk of a new fire starting if more fuel or oxygen are introduced. There is also a risk of a backdraft explosion during this stage if a lot of oxygen is suddenly introduced, such as if a window breaks and lets in outside air. By the decay stage of a large fire, everyone should have evacuated the area and left the fire fighting to the professionals. Portable fire extinguishers, or buckets of water or sand, can sometimes be used to fully extinguish small fires in the decay stage. This is done to prevent new fires from flaring up unexpectedly, such as ensuring that a campfire is extinguished before leaving a campsite.

如果您的職責是使用滅火器應對小型火災，那么您需要能夠判斷火勢是否過大而無法處理。通常情況下，使用便攜式滅火器撲救初起火災和完全控制住的小型火災是安全的。如果沒有經(jīng)過專業(yè)培訓和配備專業(yè)設(shè)備，大型、無法控制的火災以及任何涉及高度易燃或危險材料的火災都不能安全撲救。如果火勢太大，或者如果您不知道火勢有多大，您應該設(shè)法逃離建筑物，而不是試圖自己滅火。在火災中喪生的大多數(shù)人都死于吸入濃煙，而不是火焰本身，因此在決定滅火之前，您還必須考慮到濃煙的數(shù)量。如果火勢正在蔓延，散發(fā)出大量熱量和煙霧，或兩者兼而有之，應立即離開。

If you have been given the responsibility of responding to small fires with a fire extinguisher, you will need to be able to determine whether a fire is too big for you to handle. Fires in the incipient stage, and fires that are smalland fully contained are usually safe to fight with a portable fire extinguisher. Large, uncontained fires, and any fires involving highly flammableor hazardous materials are not safe to fight without professional training and equipment. If the fire is too large, or if you don't know how extensive it is, you should try to escape the buildingrather than trying to put out the fire yourself. Most people who die in fires die from smoke inhalation rather than the flames themselves, so you must also take the amount of smoke into consideration before deciding to fight a fire. If a fire is spreading, is putting off a lot of heatand smoke, or both, leave immediately.

正如我們之前所說，便攜式滅火器有一定的局限性，您在判斷情況時也應考慮到這些局限性。一個普通的 5kg滅火器只有 17 到 21 秒的滅火時間。即使是 15kg的大型滅火器，其滅火劑的釋放時間也不足一分鐘。另一個因素是你必須離火源有多近。小型滅火器的滅火距離可能只有1.5m，而大型滅火器的滅火距離可能長達6m。這個距離通常印在滅火器的側(cè)面。最后，您需要考慮滅火器的狀況。大多數(shù)滅火器的保質(zhì)期為 5 到 15 年。滅火器上應貼有檢驗標簽，以證明其仍在正常工作。許多較新型號的滅火器還有一個壓力表，可以告訴您滅火器是否壓力充足。如果指針不在綠色區(qū)域，如果滅火器沒有檢驗標簽或壓力表，或者如果有明顯的損壞，如軟管破裂或鎖銷丟失，那么滅火器可能無法正常工作。它可能還聊勝于無，但你應該認為它不可靠。

As we said before, portable fire extinguishers have some limitationsand you should also take these into account when sizing up the situation. A normal 10lb extinguisher only has 17 to 21 seconds of discharge time. Even a large 35lb extinguisher has less than a minute's worth of extinguishing agent in it. Another factor is how close you have to get to the fire. A small fire extinguisher may only be able to reach a distance of about five feet, while a larger extinguisher may reach up to 20 feet. This distance is often printed on the side of the extinguisher. Finally, you need to consider the condition of the extinguisher. Most extinguishers have a shelf life of 5 to 15 years. They should have an inspection tag to tell you they are still in working order. Many newer models also have a pressure gauge that tells you if the extinguisher is charged. If the needle is not in the green area, if the extinguisher does not have an inspection tag or gaugeor if there is visible damage such as a cracked hose or missing lock pin, then the extinguisher may not work properly. It may still be better than nothing, but you should consider it unreliable.

如果您決定滅火，或者如果您的逃生路線被火封鎖，您需要使用滅火器來清理道路，那么您需要記住幾件事。首先要努力識別火災和滅火器的類型，因為錯誤的類型實際上會使情況變得更糟。所有便攜式滅火器的操作方法都是一樣的。有四個簡單的步驟，稱為 P-A-S-S，或 "通過"技巧，可以幫助您記憶。P-A-S-S 中的字母代表拔出滅火器的插銷、將滅火器的噴嘴對準火苗底部、擠壓手柄并將噴射物掃過火苗底部，直到火苗似乎被撲滅或您覺得可以安全撤離為止。如果火似乎已經(jīng)熄滅，您仍應小心謹慎。后退，以防火勢再次蔓延。如果您的滅火器已經(jīng)用完，但火勢仍未熄滅，請立即撤離并等待消防隊。

If you decide to fight a fire, or if your escape route is blocked by fireand you will use a fire extinguisher to clear the way, there are a few things you need to remember. Start by trying to identify the type of fire and extinguisher, since the wrong type could actually make things worse. All portable fire extinguishers are operated the same way. There are four easy steps, called the P-A-S-S, or "pass" technique to help you remember. The letters in the word "pass" stand for pull the extinguisher's pin, aim the extinguisher's nozzle at the base of the fire, squeeze the handle and sweep the spray across the base of the fire until it seems to be outor until you feel you can safely evacuate. If the fire appears to be out, you should still be cautious. Back away in case the fire flares up again. If your fire extinguisher is empty and the fire isn't out, evacuate immediately and wait for the fire department.

完成本課程后，您應該能夠識別便攜式滅火器的用途和火災的各個階段。

Now that you have completed this course, you should be able to recognize the uses of a portable fire extinguisher, the stages of a fire,

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