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Java開源工具庫使用之httpclient

2年前作者：aabond分類：Toy博客閱讀(20)違法舉報

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前言

HttpClient 成立于2001年，是 Apache Jakarta Commons 項目下的子項目，2004 年離開 Commons，提升成為一個單獨的 Jakarta 項目。2005 年，Jakarta 創(chuàng)建了 HttpComponents 項目，目標是開發(fā) HttpClient 3.x 的繼任者。2007 年，Commons 項目，也就是 HttpClient 項目的發(fā)源地，離開了 Jakarta，成為了1個新的頂級項目。不久之后，HttpComponents 也離開了 Jakarta，成為一個獨立的頂級項目，負責維護 HttpClient 的工作。

HttpClient 提供了高效、最新、功能豐富的支持 HTTP 協(xié)議的客戶端編程工具包，支持最新版本的 HTTP 協(xié)議。
HttpComponents 項目，包含 HttpClient 和 HttpCore, AsyncClient 三大模塊，提供了更好的性能和更大的靈活性。
HttpClient 是依賴于 HttpCore 的，最新的 HttpClient 版本為 5.2
HttpClient 是以 3.1 版本為分隔，大版本之間用法有很多不同
最新文檔地址：https://hc.apache.org/httpcomponents-client-5.2.x/index.html
舊版文檔地址：https://hc.apache.org/httpclient-legacy/userguide.html
github 地址：https://github.com/apache/httpcomponents-client

pom 依賴

<!-- 最新版本5 -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents.client5</groupId>
    <artifactId>httpclient5</artifactId>
    <version>5.2.1</version>
</dependency>

<!-- 版本4 -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
    <artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
    <version>4.5.13</version>
</dependency>

<!-- 舊版本3，07年后沒更新 -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>commons-httpclient</groupId>
    <artifactId>commons-httpclient</artifactId>
    <version>3.1</version>
</dependency>

一、簡單使用

1.1 get 請求

String url = "http://httpbin.org/get";
try (final CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault()) {
    final HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(url);

    // Create a custom response handler
    final HttpClientResponseHandler<String> responseHandler = response -> {
        final int status = response.getCode();
        if (status >= HttpStatus.SC_SUCCESS && status < HttpStatus.SC_REDIRECTION) {
            final HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
            try {
                return entity != null ? EntityUtils.toString(entity) : null;
            } catch (final ParseException ex) {
                throw new ClientProtocolException(ex);
            }
        } else {
            throw new ClientProtocolException("Unexpected response status: " + status);
        }
    };
    final String responseBody = httpclient.execute(httpget, responseHandler);
    System.out.println(responseBody);
}

1.2 post 簡單表單請求

String url = "http://httpbin.org/post";
String username = "root";
String loginPw = "";
try (final CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault()) {
    final HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(url);
    final List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<>();
    params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("username", username));
    params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("password", loginPw));
    httppost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params));

    // Create a custom response handler
    final HttpClientResponseHandler<String> responseHandler = response -> {
        final int status = response.getCode();
        if (status >= HttpStatus.SC_SUCCESS && status < HttpStatus.SC_REDIRECTION) {
            final HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
            try {
                return entity != null ? EntityUtils.toString(entity) : null;
            } catch (final ParseException ex) {
                throw new ClientProtocolException(ex);
            }
        } else {
            throw new ClientProtocolException("Unexpected response status: " + status);
        }
    };
    final String responseBody = httpclient.execute(httppost, responseHandler);
    System.out.println(responseBody);
}

1.3 表單上傳文件

final HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(url);
            
final MultipartEntityBuilder builder = MultipartEntityBuilder.create();
builder.addTextBody("username", username);
builder.addTextBody("password", password);
builder.addBinaryBody("file", new File("src/test/resources/test.txt"), ContentType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, "test.txt");

final HttpEntity multipart = builder.build();

httppost.setEntity(multipart);

1.4 上傳 json 數(shù)據(jù)

final HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(url);

httppost.setHeader("Accept", "application/json");
httppost.setHeader("Content-type", "application/json");

final String json = "{\"id\":1,\"name\":\"John\"}";
final StringEntity stringEntity = new StringEntity(json);
httppost.setEntity(stringEntity);

二、高級用法

2.1 超時和重試

超時控制可以通過 RequestConfig 這個類控制

String url = "http://httpbin.org/get";

RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()
    .setConnectionRequestTimeout(Timeout.ofSeconds(100L))//連接請求超時, 0為無限。默認值：3分鐘。
    .setResponseTimeout(Timeout.ofSeconds(600L)) // 響應超時時間，0為無限。帶有消息復用的HTTP傳輸可能不支持響應超時
    .build();

try (final CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault()) {
    final HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
    httpGet.setConfig(requestConfig);
    final HttpClientResponseHandler<String> responseHandler = response -> {
        final int status = response.getCode();

        if (status >= HttpStatus.SC_SUCCESS && status < HttpStatus.SC_REDIRECTION) {
            final HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
            try {
                return entity != null ? EntityUtils.toString(entity) : null;
            } catch (final ParseException ex) {
                throw new ClientProtocolException(ex);
            }
        } else {
            throw new ClientProtocolException("Unexpected response status: " + status);
        }
    };
    httpclient.execute(httpGet, responseHandler);
}

重試，默認重試策略為最大次數(shù)1次，重試間隔為1秒。

String url = "http://httpbin.org/get";

try (final CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()
     .setRetryStrategy(new DefaultHttpRequestRetryStrategy(3, TimeValue.ofSeconds(20L)))
     .build()) {
    final HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);

    final HttpClientResponseHandler<String> responseHandler = response -> {
        final int status = response.getCode();

        if (status >= HttpStatus.SC_SUCCESS && status < HttpStatus.SC_REDIRECTION) {
            final HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
            try {
                return entity != null ? EntityUtils.toString(entity) : null;
            } catch (final ParseException ex) {
                throw new ClientProtocolException(ex);
            }
        } else {
            throw new ClientProtocolException("Unexpected response status: " + status);
        }
    };
    httpclient.execute(httpGet, responseHandler);
}

2.2 Cookie

HttpClients.createDefault 已經內置默認 Cookie 管理器可以用來攜帶 Cookie 訪問

String url = "http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/foo/bar";
String url2 = "http://httpbin.org/cookies";

try (final CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault()) {
    final HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);

    final HttpClientResponseHandler<String> responseHandler = response -> {
        final int status = response.getCode();

        if (status >= HttpStatus.SC_SUCCESS && status < HttpStatus.SC_REDIRECTION) {
            final HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
            try {
                return entity != null ? EntityUtils.toString(entity) : null;
            } catch (final ParseException ex) {
                throw new ClientProtocolException(ex);
            }
        } else {
            throw new ClientProtocolException("Unexpected response status: " + status);
        }
    };
    final HttpGet httpGet2 = new HttpGet(url2);

    String responseBody2 = httpclient.execute(httpGet2, responseHandler);
    System.out.println(responseBody2);

    final String responseBody = httpclient.execute(httpGet, responseHandler);
    System.out.println(responseBody);

    responseBody2 = httpclient.execute(httpGet2, responseHandler);
    System.out.println(responseBody2);
}

還可以訪問通過本地上下文綁定 cookie，從而獲取cookie 信息

String url = "http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/foo/bar";

try (final CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault()) {
    // 創(chuàng)建一個本地的 Cookie 存儲
    final CookieStore cookieStore = new BasicCookieStore();

    final HttpClientContext localContext = HttpClientContext.create();
    // 綁定 cookieStore 到 localContext
    localContext.setCookieStore(cookieStore);

    final HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(url);

    final HttpClientResponseHandler<String> responseHandler = response -> {
        final int status = response.getCode();

        if (status >= HttpStatus.SC_SUCCESS && status < HttpStatus.SC_REDIRECTION) {
            final HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
            try {
                final List<Cookie> cookies = cookieStore.getCookies();
                for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
                    System.out.println("Local cookie: " + cookie);
                }
                return entity != null ? EntityUtils.toString(entity) : null;
            } catch (final ParseException ex) {
                throw new ClientProtocolException(ex);
            }
        } else {
            throw new ClientProtocolException("Unexpected response status: " + status);
        }
    };

    String response = httpclient.execute(httpget, localContext, responseHandler);
    System.out.println(response);
}

2.3 攔截器

httpclient 支持通過攔截器對請求進行一定的處理，有如下幾個方法添加攔截器

addRequestInterceptorFirst
addRequestInterceptorLast
addResponseInterceptorFirst
addResponseInterceptorLast
addExecInterceptorFirst
addExecInterceptorLast
addExecInterceptorBefore
addExecInterceptorAfter

添加的攔截器可分為3種類型: request, response和 exec，對應請求，響應和執(zhí)行。其中Exec執(zhí)行的名字在枚舉ChainElement 中，在 HttpClientBuilder 類源碼中，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)除了 CACHING 其它都可以通過配置使用，并且枚舉中的順序也是Exec執(zhí)行的順序，其中 MAIN_TRANSPORT 執(zhí)行包含 request 和 response 攔截器執(zhí)行

ChainElement 定義了一組可用于構建HTTP請求處理管道的元素，每個元素都可以實現(xiàn)特定的功能，如添加自定義HTTP頭、添加身份驗證信息等。

public enum ChainElement {
    REDIRECT, COMPRESS, BACK_OFF, RETRY, CACHING, PROTOCOL, CONNECT, MAIN_TRANSPORT
}

下面是一個對官方攔截器例子修改的代碼

AtomicLong count = new AtomicLong();

try (final CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()
     .addExecInterceptorAfter(ChainElement.PROTOCOL.name(), "custom", (request, scope, chain) -> {
         request.setHeader("request-id", Long.toString(count.incrementAndGet()));
         return chain.proceed(request, scope);
     })
     .addExecInterceptorAfter("custom", "quit3rd", ((request, scope, chain) -> {
         final Header idHeader = request.getFirstHeader("request-id");
         if (idHeader != null && "3".equalsIgnoreCase(idHeader.getValue())) {
             final ClassicHttpResponse response = new BasicClassicHttpResponse(HttpStatus.SC_NOT_FOUND, "Oppsie");
             response.setEntity(new StringEntity("bad luck", ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN));
             return response;
         } else {
             return chain.proceed(request, scope);
         }
     }))

     .addExecInterceptorBefore(ChainElement.CONNECT.name(), "AAA", (request, scope, chain) -> {
         System.out.println("AAA");
         return chain.proceed(request, scope);
     })
     .addExecInterceptorBefore("AAA", "BBB", (request, scope, chain) -> {
         System.out.println("BBB");
         return chain.proceed(request, scope);
     })
     .addExecInterceptorAfter("AAA", "CCC", (request, scope, chain) -> {
         System.out.println("CCC");
         return chain.proceed(request, scope);
     })

     .addRequestInterceptorFirst((request, entity, context) -> {
         System.out.println("第一個request first現(xiàn)在獲取：" + context.getAttribute("foo"));
     })
     .addRequestInterceptorFirst((request, entity, context) -> {
         System.out.println("第二個request first, 現(xiàn)在設置name");
         context.setAttribute("foo", "bar");
     })
     .addRequestInterceptorLast((request, entity, context) -> {
         System.out.println("第一個request last現(xiàn)在獲?。? + context.getAttribute("foo"));
     })

     .build()) {


    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        final HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://httpbin.org/get");

        System.out.println("Executing request " + httpget.getMethod() + " " + httpget.getUri());

        httpclient.execute(httpget, response -> {
            System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
            System.out.println(httpget + "->" + new StatusLine(response));
            EntityUtils.consume(response.getEntity());
            return null;
        });
    }
}

下面動圖顯示的是調試過程中 execChain 執(zhí)行鏈的順序

java httpclient,java,github,software,java,開源,apache,httpclient,http

下面是調試過程中的request和response 攔截器，從名字就可以看出除了Main類是自定義的攔截器，其余都是自帶的，其中cookie處理也是通過攔截器實現(xiàn)的。

java httpclient,java,github,software,java,開源,apache,httpclient,http

2.4 fluent API

HttpClienet 4.5 版本以上支持fluent API, 優(yōu)點是代碼更簡潔，同時為線程安全的。文章來源地址http://www.zghlxwxcb.cn/news/detail-736082.html

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
    <artifactId>fluent-hc</artifactId>
    <version>4.5.13</version>
</dependency>

String urlGet = "http://httpbin.org/get";
String urlPost = "http://httpbin.org/post";

String response = Request.Get(urlGet)
    .addHeader("Authorization", "Bear:dw")
    .execute()
    .handleResponse(httpResponse -> {
        int code = httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
        if (code == HttpStatus.SC_SUCCESS) {
            return org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils.toString(httpResponse.getEntity());
        }
        return null;
    });

System.out.println(response);

String result = Request.Post(urlPost)
    .bodyForm(Form.form().add("foo", "bar").build())
    .execute()
    .returnContent()
    .asString();

System.out.println(result);

三、3.1舊版本使用

3.1 Get 請求

String url = "http://httpbin.com";
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
GetMethod method = new GetMethod(url);
method.getParams().setParameter(HttpMethodParams.RETRY_HANDLER,
                                new DefaultHttpMethodRetryHandler(3, false));
try {
    // Execute the method.
    int statusCode = client.executeMethod(method);

    if (statusCode != HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
        System.err.println("Method failed: " + method.getStatusLine());
    }

    // Read the response body.
    byte[] responseBody = method.getResponseBody();

    // Deal with the response.
    // Use caution: ensure correct character encoding and is not binary data
    System.out.println(new String(responseBody));

} catch (HttpException e) {
    System.err.println("Fatal protocol violation: " + e.getMessage());
    e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
    System.err.println("Fatal transport error: " + e.getMessage());
    e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
    // Release the connection.
    method.releaseConnection();
}

3.2 Post 請求

String url = "http://httpbin.org/post";
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
PostMethod method = new PostMethod(url);
NameValuePair[] data = {
    new NameValuePair("user", "joe"),
    new NameValuePair("password", "bloggs")
};
method.setRequestBody(data);

try {
    int statusCode = client.executeMethod(method);
    if (statusCode != HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
        System.err.println("Method failed: " + method.getStatusLine());
    }
    byte[] responseBody = method.getResponseBody();
    System.out.println(new String(responseBody));
} catch (HttpException e) {
    System.err.println("Fatal protocol violation: " + e.getMessage());
    e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
    System.err.println("Fatal transport error: " + e.getMessage());
    e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
    method.releaseConnection();
}

四、異步版本使用

4.1 基本請求

final IOReactorConfig ioReactorConfig = IOReactorConfig.custom()
                .setSoTimeout(Timeout.ofSeconds(5))
                .build();

final CloseableHttpAsyncClient client = HttpAsyncClients.custom()
    .setIOReactorConfig(ioReactorConfig)
    .build();

client.start();

final HttpHost target = new HttpHost("httpbin.org");
final String[] requestUris = new String[] {"/", "/ip", "/user-agent", "/headers"};

for (final String requestUri: requestUris) {
    final SimpleHttpRequest request = SimpleRequestBuilder.get()
        .setHttpHost(target)
        .setPath(requestUri)
        .build();

    System.out.println("請求url:" + requestUri);
    final Future<SimpleHttpResponse> future = client.execute(
        SimpleRequestProducer.create(request),
        SimpleResponseConsumer.create(),
        new FutureCallback<SimpleHttpResponse>() {

            @Override
            public void completed(final SimpleHttpResponse response) {
                System.out.println(requestUri + " 返回狀態(tài)碼：" + response.getCode() + ",返回內容:" + response.getBodyText());
            }

            @Override
            public void failed(final Exception ex) {
                System.out.println(request + "->" + ex);
            }

            @Override
            public void cancelled() {
                System.out.println(request + " cancelled");
            }

        });
    future.get();
}

System.out.println("Shutting down");
client.close(CloseMode.GRACEFUL);

4.2 請求流水線執(zhí)行

final MinimalHttpAsyncClient client = HttpAsyncClients.createMinimal(
    H2Config.DEFAULT,
    Http1Config.DEFAULT,
    IOReactorConfig.DEFAULT,
    PoolingAsyncClientConnectionManagerBuilder.create()
    .setDefaultTlsConfig(TlsConfig.custom()
                         .setVersionPolicy(HttpVersionPolicy.FORCE_HTTP_1)
                         .build())
    .build());

client.start();

final HttpHost target = new HttpHost("httpbin.org");
final Future<AsyncClientEndpoint> leaseFuture = client.lease(target, null);
final AsyncClientEndpoint endpoint = leaseFuture.get(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
try {
    final String[] requestUris = new String[] {"/", "/ip", "/user-agent", "/headers"};

    final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(requestUris.length);
    for (final String requestUri: requestUris) {
        final SimpleHttpRequest request = SimpleRequestBuilder.get()
            .setHttpHost(target)
            .setPath(requestUri)
            .build();

        System.out.println("Executing request " + request);
        endpoint.execute(
            SimpleRequestProducer.create(request),
            SimpleResponseConsumer.create(),
            new FutureCallback<SimpleHttpResponse>() {

                @Override
                public void completed(final SimpleHttpResponse response) {
                    latch.countDown();
                    System.out.println(request + "->" + new StatusLine(response));
                    System.out.println(response.getBody());
                }

                @Override
                public void failed(final Exception ex) {
                    latch.countDown();
                    System.out.println(request + "->" + ex);
                }

                @Override
                public void cancelled() {
                    latch.countDown();
                    System.out.println(request + " cancelled");
                }

            });
    }
    latch.await();
} finally {
    endpoint.releaseAndReuse();
}

System.out.println("Shutting down");
client.close(CloseMode.GRACEFUL);

參考

https://hc.apache.org/httpclient-legacy/index.html

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