Linux 終端操作命令
也稱(chēng)Shell命令,是用戶(hù)與操作系統(tǒng)內(nèi)核進(jìn)行交互的命令解釋器,它接收用戶(hù)輸入的命令并將其傳遞給操作系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行執(zhí)行,可分為內(nèi)部命令和外部命令。內(nèi)部命令是Shell程序的一部分,而外部命令是獨(dú)立于Shell的可執(zhí)行程序。
內(nèi)部命令
內(nèi)部命令,實(shí)際上是shell程序的一部分,由shell程序識(shí)別并在shell程序內(nèi)部完成運(yùn)行,通常在Linux系統(tǒng)加載運(yùn)行時(shí)shell就被加載并駐留在系統(tǒng)內(nèi)存中。內(nèi)部命令是寫(xiě)在bash源碼里面的,因?yàn)榻馕鰞?nèi)部命令shell不需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建子進(jìn)程,其執(zhí)行速度比外部命令快。比如:alias, break, cd, echo, exit, pwd 等。
外部命令
外部命令是bash shell之外的程序,也并不是shell的一部分。外部命令位于/bin,/sbin, /usr/bin 或 /usr/sbin 等系統(tǒng)目錄中。外部命令是Linux系統(tǒng)中的實(shí)用程序部分,因?yàn)閷?shí)用程序的功能通常都比較強(qiáng)大,所以其包含的程序量也會(huì)很大,在系統(tǒng)加載時(shí)并不隨系統(tǒng)一起被加載到內(nèi)存中,而是在需要時(shí)才將其調(diào)用內(nèi)存。通常外部命令的實(shí)體并不包含在shell中,但是其命令執(zhí)行過(guò)程是由shell程序控制的。比如: awk, grep, ping,tar, vi 等。 除Linux系統(tǒng)自帶的外部命令,通常需要安裝對(duì)應(yīng)的程序包才能使用,內(nèi)部命令之外的所有可執(zhí)行程序都可以被認(rèn)作為外部命令。
內(nèi)外部命令區(qū)別
內(nèi)部命令在系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)時(shí)就調(diào)入內(nèi)存,是常駐內(nèi)存的,所以執(zhí)行效率高。
外部命令是系統(tǒng)的軟件功能,用戶(hù)需要時(shí)才從硬盤(pán)中讀入內(nèi)存,執(zhí)行速度比內(nèi)部命令慢。
內(nèi)部命令列表
help命令可以列出所有內(nèi)部命令:
hann@HannYang:~$ help
GNU bash, version 5.0.17(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
These shell commands are defined internally. ?Type `help' to see this list.
Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list.
A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
?job_spec [&] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename]>
?(( expression )) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMAN>
?. filename [arguments] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args]
?: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec .>
?[ arg... ] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?let arg [arg ...]
?[[ expression ]] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?local [option] name[=value] ...
?alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?logout [n]
?bg [job_spec ...] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t>
?bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u > ?popd [-n] [+N | -N]
?break [n] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? printf [-v var] format [arguments]
?builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
?caller [expr] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? pwd [-LP]
?case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esa> ?read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] >
?cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [>
?command [-pVv] command [arg ...] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -p
?compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globp> ?return [n]
?complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [-o option] [-A act> ?select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done
?compopt [-o|+o option] [-DEI] [name ...] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...]
?continue [n] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?shift [n]
?coproc [NAME] command [redirections] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
?declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...] ? ? ? ? ? ? source filename [arguments]
?dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?suspend [-f]
?disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? test [expr]
?echo [-neE] [arg ...] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? time [-p] pipeline
?enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?times
?eval [arg ...] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]
?exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirecti> ?true
?exit [n] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?type [-afptP] name [name ...]
?export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[=value] ...
?false ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit]
?fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [c> ?umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
?fg [job_spec] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? unalias [-a] name [name ...]
?for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...]
?for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; done ? ? ? ? ? ? ? until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
?function name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; } ? ? ?variables - Names and meanings of some shell variables
?getopts optstring name [arg] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?wait [-fn] [id ...]
?hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
?help [-dms] [pattern ...] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? { COMMANDS ; }
通過(guò)整理以上內(nèi)容,得到 68 個(gè)命令、函數(shù)、變量以及控制指令:
1 | alias | alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] |
2 | bg | bg [job_spec ...] |
3 | bind | bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u > |
4 | break | break [n] |
5 | builtin | builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] |
6 | caller | caller [expr] |
7 | case | case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esa> |
8 | cd | cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] |
9 | command | command [-pVv] command [arg ...] |
10 | compgen | compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globp> |
11 | complete | complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [-o option] [-A act> |
12 | compopt | compopt [-o|+o option] [-DEI] [name ...] |
13 | continue | continue [n] |
14 | coproc | coproc [NAME] command [redirections] |
15 | declare | declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...] |
16 | dirs | dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] |
17 | disown | disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...] |
18 | echo | echo [-neE] [arg ...] |
19 | enable | enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...] |
20 | eval | eval [arg ...] |
21 | exec | exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirecti> |
22 | exit | exit [n] |
23 | export | export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p |
24 | false | false |
25 | fc | fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [c> |
26 | fg | fg [job_spec] |
27 | for | for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done? for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; done |
28 | function | function name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; } |
29 | getopts | getopts optstring name [arg] |
30 | hash | hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...] |
31 | help | help [-dms] [pattern ...] |
32 | history | history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename]> |
33 | if | if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMAN> |
34 | jobs | jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args] |
35 | kill | kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec .> |
36 | let | let arg [arg ...] |
37 | local | local [option] name[=value] ... |
38 | logout | logout [n] |
39 | mapfile | mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t> |
40 | popd | popd [-n] [+N | -N] |
41 | printf | printf [-v var] format [arguments] |
42 | pushd | pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir] |
43 | pwd | pwd [-LP] |
44 | read | read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] > |
45 | readarray | readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [> |
46 | readonly | readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -p |
47 | return | return [n] |
48 | select | select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done |
49 | set | set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...] |
50 | shift | shift [n] |
51 | shopt | shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...] |
52 | source | source filename [arguments] |
53 | suspend | suspend [-f] |
54 | test | test [expr] |
55 | time | time [-p] pipeline |
56 | times | times |
57 | trap | trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...] |
58 | true | true |
59 | type | type [-afptP] name [name ...] |
60 | typeset | typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[=value] ... |
61 | ulimit | ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit] |
62 | umask | umask [-p] [-S] [mode] |
63 | unalias | unalias [-a] name [name ...] |
64 | unset | unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...] |
65 | until | until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done |
66 | variables | variables - Names and meanings of some shell variables |
67 | wait | wait [-fn] [id ...] |
68 | while | while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done |
注意,有些命令格式比較長(zhǎng)的都被截短了,如bind, case 等命令最后顯示的是 > 字符。
要想個(gè)辦法,做一個(gè)比較完整的內(nèi)部命令列表:
1. 把上表第2列,寫(xiě)入一個(gè)文本文件,比如 list.txt
2. 用vi編寫(xiě)一段shell代碼,如 lists.sh
hann@HannYang:~$ cat lists.sh?
#!/bin/bash
# 指定文本文件路徑
file_path="list.txt"
# 打開(kāi)文本文件并遍歷每一行
while IFS= read -r line; do
# 獲取幫助信息并輸出
help -s "$line" >> commands.txt
done < "$file_path"
echo "done!"
3. 執(zhí)行,遍歷list.txt列出完整命令格式,寫(xiě)入列表文件 commands.txt
hann@HannYang:~$ bash lists.sh
4. 列出所有命令格式
hann@HannYang:~$ cat -n commands.txt
? ? ?1 ?alias: alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ]
? ? ?2 ?bg: bg [job_spec ...]
? ? ?3 ?bind: bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u name] [-r keyseq] [-x keyseq:shell-command] [keyseq:readline-function or readline-command]
? ? ?4 ?break: break [n]
? ? ?5 ?builtin: builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]]
? ? ?6 ?caller: caller [expr]
? ? ?7 ?case: case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esac
? ? ?8 ?cd: cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir]
? ? ?9 ?command: command [-pVv] command [arg ...]
? ? 10 ?compgen: compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] ?[-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [word]
? ? 11 ?complete: complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] ?[-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [name ...]
? ? 12 ?compopt: compopt [-o|+o option] [-DEI] [name ...]
? ? 13 ?continue: continue [n]
? ? 14 ?coproc: coproc [NAME] command [redirections]
? ? 15 ?declare: declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
? ? 16 ?dirs: dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N]
? ? 17 ?disown: disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...]
? ? 18 ?echo: echo [-neE] [arg ...]
? ? 19 ?enable: enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...]
? ? 20 ?eval: eval [arg ...]
? ? 21 ?exec: exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirection ...]
? ? 22 ?exit: exit [n]
? ? 23 ?export: export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p
? ? 24 ?false: false
? ? 25 ?fc: fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [command]
? ? 26 ?fg: fg [job_spec]
? ? 27 ?for: for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done
? ? 28 ?function: function name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; }
? ? 29 ?getopts: getopts optstring name [arg]
? ? 30 ?hash: hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...]
? ? 31 ?help: help [-dms] [pattern ...]
? ? 32 ?history: history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history -ps arg [arg...]
? ? 33 ?if: if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else COMMANDS; ] fi
? ? 34 ?jobs: jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args]
? ? 35 ?kill: kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec ... or kill -l [sigspec]
? ? 36 ?let: let arg [arg ...]
? ? 37 ?local: local [option] name[=value] ...
? ? 38 ?logout: logout [n]
? ? 39 ?mapfile: mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
? ? 40 ?popd: popd [-n] [+N | -N]
? ? 41 ?printf: printf [-v var] format [arguments]
? ? 42 ?pushd: pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
? ? 43 ?pwd: pwd [-LP]
? ? 44 ?read: read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]
? ? 45 ?readarray: readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
? ? 46 ?readonly: readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -p
? ? 47 ?return: return [n]
? ? 48 ?select: select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done
? ? 49 ?set: set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...]
? ? 50 ?shift: shift [n]
? ? 51 ?shopt: shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
? ? 52 ?source: source filename [arguments]
? ? 53 ?suspend: suspend [-f]
? ? 54 ?test: test [expr]
? ? 55 ?time: time [-p] pipeline
? ? 56 ?times: times
? ? 57 ?trap: trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]
? ? 58 ?true: true
? ? 59 ?type: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
? ? 60 ?typeset: typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[=value] ...
? ? 61 ?ulimit: ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit]
? ? 62 ?umask: umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
? ? 63 ?unalias: unalias [-a] name [name ...]
? ? 64 ?unset: unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...]
? ? 65 ?until: until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
? ? 66 ?variables: variables - Names and meanings of some shell variables
? ? 67 ?wait: wait [-fn] [id ...]
? ? 68 ?while: while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
同樣,代碼中help的參數(shù)換成-d 就能得到命令的功能簡(jiǎn)介。
hann@HannYang:~$ cat lists.sh?
#!/bin/bash
# 指定文本文件路徑
file_path="list.txt"
rm commands.txt
# 打開(kāi)文本文件并遍歷每一行
while IFS= read -r line; do
# 獲取幫助信息并輸出
help -d "$line" >> commands.txt
done < "$file_path"
echo "done!"
5. 列出所有命令簡(jiǎn)介
hann@HannYang:~$ cat -n commands.txt
? ? ?1 ?alias - Define or display aliases.
? ? ?2 ?bg - Move jobs to the background.
? ? ?3 ?bind - Set Readline key bindings and variables.
? ? ?4 ?break - Exit for, while, or until loops.
? ? ?5 ?builtin - Execute shell builtins.
? ? ?6 ?caller - Return the context of the current subroutine call.
? ? ?7 ?case - Execute commands based on pattern matching.
? ? ?8 ?cd - Change the shell working directory.
? ? ?9 ?command - Execute a simple command or display information about commands.
? ? 10 ?compgen - Display possible completions depending on the options.
? ? 11 ?complete - Specify how arguments are to be completed by Readline.
? ? 12 ?compopt - Modify or display completion options.
? ? 13 ?continue - Resume for, while, or until loops.
? ? 14 ?coproc - Create a coprocess named NAME.
? ? 15 ?declare - Set variable values and attributes.
? ? 16 ?dirs - Display directory stack.
? ? 17 ?disown - Remove jobs from current shell.
? ? 18 ?echo - Write arguments to the standard output.
? ? 19 ?enable - Enable and disable shell builtins.
? ? 20 ?eval - Execute arguments as a shell command.
? ? 21 ?exec - Replace the shell with the given command.
? ? 22 ?exit - Exit the shell.
? ? 23 ?export - Set export attribute for shell variables.
? ? 24 ?false - Return an unsuccessful result.
? ? 25 ?fc - Display or execute commands from the history list.
? ? 26 ?fg - Move job to the foreground.
? ? 27 ?for - Execute commands for each member in a list.
? ? 28 ?function - Define shell function.
? ? 29 ?getopts - Parse option arguments.
? ? 30 ?hash - Remember or display program locations.
? ? 31 ?help - Display information about builtin commands.
? ? 32 ?history - Display or manipulate the history list.
? ? 33 ?if - Execute commands based on conditional.
? ? 34 ?jobs - Display status of jobs.
? ? 35 ?kill - Send a signal to a job.
? ? 36 ?let - Evaluate arithmetic expressions.
? ? 37 ?local - Define local variables.
? ? 38 ?logout - Exit a login shell.
? ? 39 ?mapfile - Read lines from the standard input into an indexed array variable.
? ? 40 ?popd - Remove directories from stack.
? ? 41 ?printf - Formats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT.
? ? 42 ?pushd - Add directories to stack.
? ? 43 ?pwd - Print the name of the current working directory.
? ? 44 ?read - Read a line from the standard input and split it into fields.
? ? 45 ?readarray - Read lines from a file into an array variable.
? ? 46 ?readonly - Mark shell variables as unchangeable.
? ? 47 ?return - Return from a shell function.
? ? 48 ?select - Select words from a list and execute commands.
? ? 49 ?set - Set or unset values of shell options and positional parameters.
? ? 50 ?shift - Shift positional parameters.
? ? 51 ?shopt - Set and unset shell options.
? ? 52 ?source - Execute commands from a file in the current shell.
? ? 53 ?suspend - Suspend shell execution.
? ? 54 ?test - Evaluate conditional expression.
? ? 55 ?time - Report time consumed by pipeline's execution.
? ? 56 ?times - Display process times.
? ? 57 ?trap - Trap signals and other events.
? ? 58 ?true - Return a successful result.
? ? 59 ?type - Display information about command type.
? ? 60 ?typeset - Set variable values and attributes.
? ? 61 ?ulimit - Modify shell resource limits.
? ? 62 ?umask - Display or set file mode mask.
? ? 63 ?unalias - Remove each NAME from the list of defined aliases.
? ? 64 ?unset - Unset values and attributes of shell variables and functions.
? ? 65 ?until - Execute commands as long as a test does not succeed.
? ? 66 ?variables - Common shell variable names and usage.
? ? 67 ?wait - Wait for job completion and return exit status.
? ? 68 ?while - Execute commands as long as a test succeeds.
簡(jiǎn)單翻譯:
1 alias-定義或顯示別名。
2 bg-將作業(yè)移到后臺(tái)。
3 bind-設(shè)置Readline鍵綁定和變量。
4 break-退出循環(huán)、while或直到循環(huán)。
5 builtin-執(zhí)行shell內(nèi)建。
6 caller-返回當(dāng)前子例程調(diào)用的上下文。
7 case-基于模式匹配執(zhí)行命令。
8 cd-更改shell工作目錄。
9 command-執(zhí)行一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的命令或顯示有關(guān)命令的信息。
10 compgen-根據(jù)選項(xiàng)顯示可能的完成情況。
11 complete-指定Readline如何完成參數(shù)。
12 compopt-修改或顯示完成選項(xiàng)。
13 continue-繼續(xù)循環(huán)、while或直到循環(huán)。
14 coproc-創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為NAME的協(xié)處理器。
15 declare-設(shè)置變量值和屬性。
16 dirs-顯示目錄堆棧。
17 disown-從當(dāng)前shell中刪除作業(yè)。
18 echo-將參數(shù)寫(xiě)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸出。
19 enable-啟用和禁用shell內(nèi)置。
20 eval-將參數(shù)作為shell命令執(zhí)行。
21 exec-用給定的命令替換shell。
22 exit-退出外殼。
23 export-為shell變量設(shè)置導(dǎo)出屬性。
24 false-返回不成功的結(jié)果。
25 fc-顯示或執(zhí)行歷史列表中的命令。
26 fg-將作業(yè)移到前臺(tái)。
27 for-為列表中的每個(gè)成員執(zhí)行命令。
28 function-定義外殼函數(shù)。
29 getopts-分析選項(xiàng)參數(shù)。
30 hash-記住或顯示程序位置。
31 help-顯示有關(guān)內(nèi)置命令的信息。
32 history-顯示或操作歷史記錄列表。
33 if-根據(jù)條件執(zhí)行命令。
34 jobs-顯示作業(yè)的狀態(tài)。
35 kill-向工作發(fā)出信號(hào)。
36 let-評(píng)估算術(shù)表達(dá)式。
37 local-定義局部變量。
38 logout-退出登錄shell。
39 mapfile-將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸入中的行讀取到索引數(shù)組變量中。
40 popd-從堆棧中刪除目錄。
41 printf-在FORMAT的控制下格式化和打印參數(shù)。
42 pushd-將目錄添加到堆棧。
43 pwd-打印當(dāng)前工作目錄的名稱(chēng)。
44 read-從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸入中讀取一行,并將其拆分為字段。
45 readarray-將文件中的行讀取到數(shù)組變量中。
46 readonly-將shell變量標(biāo)記為不可更改。
47 return-從shell函數(shù)返回。
48 select-從列表中選擇單詞并執(zhí)行命令。
49 set-設(shè)置或取消設(shè)置外殼選項(xiàng)和位置參數(shù)的值。
50 shift-移位位置參數(shù)。
51 shopt-設(shè)置和取消設(shè)置外殼選項(xiàng)。
52 source-從當(dāng)前shell中的文件執(zhí)行命令。
53 suspend-掛起shell執(zhí)行。
54 test-評(píng)估條件表達(dá)式。
55 time-報(bào)告管道執(zhí)行所消耗的時(shí)間。
56 times-顯示處理時(shí)間。
57 trap-陷阱信號(hào)和其他事件。
58 true-返回成功的結(jié)果。
59 type-顯示有關(guān)命令類(lèi)型的信息。
60 typeset-設(shè)置變量值和屬性。
61 ulimit-修改shell資源限制。
62 umask-顯示或設(shè)置文件模式掩碼。
63 unalias-從定義的別名列表中刪除別名。
64 unset-取消設(shè)置shell變量和函數(shù)的值和屬性。
65 until-只要測(cè)試不成功,就執(zhí)行命令。
66 variables-常見(jiàn)的shell變量名稱(chēng)和用法。
67 wait-等待作業(yè)完成并返回退出狀態(tài)。
68 while-循環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu),只要測(cè)試為真就執(zhí)行命令。文章來(lái)源:http://www.zghlxwxcb.cn/news/detail-642485.html
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